Your Cart
SLI Search Template
Related Categories: Clear Primer | Clear Varnish | Acrylic Gesso | Gessoed Canvas | Clear Gesso | Gesso Paint | Transparent Oils | Primer
-
GOLDEN Gesso Black 1 gallonSave Up to30%Off listBlack A variety of ways to prepare materials for acrylic paintings GOLDEN Acrylic Gesso in Black, White & Sandable offer artists a variety of ways to prepare materials for acrylic paintings or other art media such as oil, alkyds, charcoal, pastels and even watercolor! GOLDEN Gesso is designed to penetrate supports and provide a surface to which paint can adhere. Proper preparation with GOLDEN Gesso increases the life span of artwork. GOLDEN's Gesso is formulated to be flexible and is highly pigmented for greater opacity. White Gesso (Semi-Opaque Acrylic Primer) and Black Gesso (Opaque Acrylic Primer) The gesso is rich, opaque, and creates an excellent surface on which to paint! * GOLDEN White and Black Gesso: White Gesso (Semi-Opaque Acrylic Primer) and Black Gesso (Opaque Acrylic Primer) are ready-to-use formulations for painting on most surfaces. They are flexible and can be applied in thin layers to conform to a variety to textures without cracking. For oil painting, we recommended that at least three layers of gesso. Gesso can be mixed with acrylic colors to produce a range of colored grounds. GOLDEN White Gesso* GOLDEN Sandable Hard Gesso: GOLDEN Sandable Hard Gesso (Semi-Opaque Acrylic Primer) is formulated with 100% acrylic dispersion polymer and can be sanded to provide surfaces that are smoother and more even than those created using regular gesso. GOLDEN Sandable Hard Gesso is formulated with 100% acrylic polymer emulsion. It contains high levels of titanium dioxide, calcium carbonate and talc to produce an easily sanded surface. NOTE: This product is designed for rigid substrates only and is NOT to be used on flexible materials, as cracking may occur. See More
-
Liquitex Acrylic Gesso Surface Prep Black Gesso 8 ozSave Up to39%Off listBlack Create the perfect absorbency, texture and archival ground Liquitex Gesso is an acrylic-based gesso that provides excellent "tooth" and adhesion to a wide variety of supports and surfaces such as canvas, wood, paper, and metal. Liquitex professional gessoes usually take just one coat and are the perfect surface preparation for oil or acrylic paint. You can thin the gesso with up to 25% water depending on your thickness preferences. Compatible with Liquitex High Viscosity and Medium Viscosity Acrylics, you can create a custom-colored ground. With Liquitex Gesso, you can prime your substrates with an archival ground and create the perfect level of absorbency and texture at the same time. Key Features: * Primes surfaces and adds a high level of tooth * Stiffens canvases * Optimum absorbency for paint application * Professional archival base * Will last generations * Fully mixable with all Liquitex products * Use undiluted or thin with up to 25% water * If using as a base for oils, apply 2-4 coats and sand between applications Perfect For: * Acrylic and oil painters * Creating a surface for preliminary charcoal or pencil drawings * Dry ground for oils * Custom colored grounds * A uniform painting surface * Artwork in acrylics, oils & alkyds * Professional artists Clear Gesso - Use for masking under-paintings and unique grounds in presentation for over-paintings. Ideal high tooth surface for pastel, oil pastel, graphite, and charcoal. Flexible and non-yellowing when dry Super Heavy Gesso - An innovative Titanium White gesso that holds structural shape until dry.  It has all the attributes of traditional acrylic gesso and is ideal for thick and sculptural applications. AP non-toxic. White Gesso - A white priming ground to be used on a variety of absorbent surfaces where acrylic colors, polymers, oil colors, tempera or casein will be applied. Dries within minutes to a brilliant white. Tint with acrylic colors before application for toned grounds. Black Gesso - This Colored Gesso usually covers in one coat and is flexible, non-cracking, and non-yellowing. It provides the right amount of tooth and adhesion to a variety of surfaces. Use it alone or dilute with up to 25% water. Neutral Gray Gesso - This colored gesso contains a blend of pigments that produce a matte grey opaque finish, which allows you to build depth from a neutral grey base. Usually covers in one coat and is flexible, non-yellowing, and non-cracking. Use it alone or dilute with up to 25% water. Liquitex Colored Gesso is hue balanced and can be tinted with Soft or Heavy Body Acrylics. See More
-
Prima Economy Acrylic Gesso
Starting At: 49.83
Excellent covering power for an economical price! Prima® White Gesso has excellent covering power for an economical price. Prima Gesso contains pure Titanium White pigment in an acrylic 100% polymer emulsion. They provide an excellent flexible film and fine-tooth surface to canvases and non-oily… Excellent covering power for an economical price! Prima® White Gesso has excellent covering power for an economical price. Prima Gesso contains pure Titanium White pigment in an acrylic 100% polymer emulsion. They provide an excellent flexible film and fine-tooth surface to canvases and non-oily surfaces for acrylic, oil, watercolor, tempera, gouache, etc. Ideal for professional artists, hobbyists, decorative, and beginner painters. Available in 16 oz. and a gallon jug. The gallon size has a built-in carrying handle and a stay-tight lid. The pint-size (473ml) comes in a flexible squeeze bottle container with a flip-top lid perfect for smaller projects. Key Features:* Pure Titanium White pigment* 100% polymer emulsion* Flexible film with fine tooth Perfect For:* For acrylic, oil, watercolor, gouache* Professional artists* Decorative and hobby use See More -
Sennelier Extra Fine Artist Acrylic GessoSave Up to33%Off list…before applying gesso to canvas. Tinted Gesso – With the same working characteristics of traditional white gesso, but providing a matte color surface ideal for tonal works. Available in Black, Light Grey, Red Ochre, and Yellow Ochre. Semi-Absorbent Gesso – When dry, this gesso forms a porous surface… High quality grounds for your acrylic and oil paintings! Master color makers Sennelier have expanded their Acrylique artists' acrylic line to include these new exceptional gessoes! Whether you're painting in acrylics, traditional or water-soluble oils, Sennelier Acrylique Gesso provides a stable base with a good tooth on virtually any oil-free, absorbent surface. Superior quality gesso for superb paintings! White Gesso – This bright white universal primer is excellent for use on non-oily painting surfaces like canvas, wood, paper, board, and more. Penetrates surfaces and allows for good paint adhesion and provides an excellent base for paintings in acrylics and oils. Can be thinned with water up to 20%, and tinted with Sennelier acrylics. A layer of sizing is recommended before applying gesso to canvas. Tinted Gesso – With the same working characteristics of traditional white gesso, but providing a matte color surface ideal for tonal works. Available in Black, Light Grey, Red Ochre, and Yellow Ochre. Semi-Absorbent Gesso – When dry, this gesso forms a porous surface which improves color penetration and diffusion, but with a greater resistance to water than paper. Can be used as a primer for acrylics, watercolors, gouache, and oils (lends a matte touch). See More
-
Michael Harding Non-Absorbent Acrylic Primer Black 1LSave Up to25%Off listBlack Tired of dull flat oil paints? You need a non-absorbent ground! Regular acrylic gesso is notorious for leeching oil from oil paints, and absorbent acrylic gesso makes oil paints look dull, flat, and muted. Unlike those acrylic gesso's Michael Harding's primer is non-absorbent and preserves the luster of oil paint. Michael's acrylic primer does not absorb oil; instead, the paint sits on top of the surface. The primer is made with non-toxic, non-absorbing acrylic resin; that's why it produces such a strong, flexible ground. You can apply Michael Harding's Non-Absorbent Acrylic Primer to linen, cotton canvas, wood, and MDF. Key Features: * Non-absorbent acrylic primer * Formulated to not absorb or dull oil paints * Creates a strong bond with paint * Prevents paint from delaminating * Lightfast and will not fade over time * Thick, creamy consistency * Smooth, even-toothed finish Perfect For: * Oil and acrylic painters * A uniform painting surface * Beginner and professional artists * Preparing canvas, wood, or MDF for paint * Everyday studio use Instructions: The primer is best used in 2 coats; You may dilute the first coat with water (no more than 1 part water to 3 parts primer). This first coat will be touch dry within a couple of hours, and then you can apply the second coat. You should not apply the primer over Rabbit Skin Glue or unstable supports. See More
-
Bob Ross Black Liquid Acrylic 4oz (118ml) BottleSave Up to25%Off listBlack Wet-on-wet oil painting mediums & basecoats The goal of Bob Ross, one of America's most beloved artists, was to open the world of art to people who otherwise would never be able to enjoy the excitement of painting. His products have been developed to successfully achieve results with his wet-on-wet technique, which is a basic process of painting over layers of wet paint to achieve relatively fast and effective results. Bob Ross Oil Painting Mediums are designed especially for use in the wet-on-wet techniques demonstrated in Bob Ross's books and video programs. Key Features: * Non-toxic acrylic base coats * Liquid oil mediums for Bob's wet-on-wet technique * Unlimited creative possibilities Perfect For: * The Bob Ross Wet-on-Wet Technique * Excellent dry base coat * Oil painting Acrylic Base Coat- Smooth brushing and even-leveling, they create an ideal base for wildlife painting. Glazing Medium- This medium produces the details characteristic of animal fur. Dries quickly, resists yellowing and provides a long lasting quality paint film. Liquid Mediums- Available in white, black or clear. Bob's unique secret formula of base coats aid in the painting's foundation and keep the canvas wet, the most fundamental step in Bob's wet-on-wet technique. Smooth and slow drying, they allow blending and mixing right on the canvas! Non-Toxic. Liquid Opal Medium - For soft oil colors. This pearlescent medium adds a deep richness to floral paintings and yields an affect that is reminiscent of opal gems. See More
-
Bob Ross GessosSave Up to29%Off list…quality Bob Ross Gessos are non-toxic acrylic primers produce an excellent dry base coat with perfect tooth for the Bob Ross method of painting. White and Black gessos are packaged in convenient 16.9oz squeeze bottles with non clog tops. Once dry, this flat, acrylic liquid gesso gives you the… Non-toxic smooth, flexible, flat finish on artwork surfaces These top quality Bob Ross Gessos are non-toxic acrylic primers produce an excellent dry base coat with perfect tooth for the Bob Ross method of painting. White and Black gessos are packaged in convenient 16.9oz squeeze bottles with non clog tops. Once dry, this flat, acrylic liquid gesso gives you the perfect base for mastering the Bob Ross Wet-on-Wet Technique® Bob Ross Gesso contains pure pigments formulated in a 100% acrylic polymer emulsion which when dry produces a smooth, flexible, flat finish on artwork surfaces. It is ideal for the Bob Ross painting techniques with oil colors as well as other art media including acrylics, tempera, watercolors, ink, pencil, and more! Conforms to ASTM D4236. Key Features: * White, black or grey gesso * 16.9oz / 500ml squeeze bottles with non clog tops * Top quality non-toxic acrylic primers * Produces an excellent dry base coat * Perfect tooth for the Bob Ross method of painting * Pure pigments * Formulated in a 100% acrylic polymer emulsion * When dry produces a smooth, flexible, flat finish on artwork surfaces * Conforms to ASTM D4236 Perfect For: * Mastering the Bob Ross Wet-on-Wet Technique * Oil, acrylic, tempera, watercolors, ink, or pencil * Classrooms, Universities, Art Leagues * Artists priming large canvases * Painting Party venues * Art Journaling * Better bonding surface for acrylic or oils See More
-
Wilson Bickford Artist Oil Painting MediumsSave Up to51%Off list…and crafting delicate, luminous oil color glazes, these gessoes and mediums are your surefire ticket for "fun and fast" painting with professional artist and instructor Wilson Bickford!* Gesso – Made from pure Titanium White or black pigment blended with an acrylic copolymer emulsion. It… Expand your painting experience with Wilson Bickford grounds and mediums! Now you can paint along with master artist Wilson Bickford from the ground up! This specially-selected line of grounds and mediums were developed by Wilson to enhance his signature wet-in-wet oil painting style — and now you can benefit from his years of experience! From creating a solid ground or tonal grisaille, to blending colors into a base coat and crafting delicate, luminous oil color glazes, these gessoes and mediums are your surefire ticket for "fun and fast" painting with professional artist and instructor Wilson Bickford!* Gesso – Made from pure Titanium White or black pigment blended with an acrylic copolymer emulsion. It yields an excellent flexible film with a fine tooth surface, ideal as a base for paintings in acrylics, oils, alkyds, tempera, inks and more. Available in White or Black; 16 oz. bottles.* New! Background Color -- Gesso formulated to provide artists with fast drying, beautiful, toned backgrounds. Achieve dramatic effects in your underpainting by creating a flexible film base which can be painted over with oils, acrylics, alkyds and even tempera.* FastFlo Base Coat Medium – This alkyd-based medium is the perfect base coat for wet-in-wet oil painting techniques, and provides a smooth, white, quick-drying ground on which to start a painting. Available in 4 oz. and 8 oz. bottles.* Clear Glazing Medium – Mix with oil or alkyd colors to speed the drying time, to add translucency and to extend color. Ideal for creating glazes as well as detailed effects. Can be thinned and cleaned up with turpentine or odorless mineral spirits. Available in 8 oz. or 16 oz. bottles. * See More Wilson Bickford Signature Series Art Supplies See More
-
Pebeo Studio Acrylics Mediums - Sand Textured Gel (Black), 250mlSave Up to25%Off listBlack Unlimited opportunities for experimenting with creative inspiration Pébéo Mixed Media Studio Mediums offer an extensive line of acrylic mediums for creating an array of textures and dimensional effects. Ideal for mixed media applications, these mediums—once dry—can be used beneath acrylics as well as resins, solvent-based paints, ceramic paints, and more! Key Features: * Thick, richly pigmented acrylic mediums * Retain brush and painting knife strokes * Easily mixable with great light-fastness * Available in iridescent Dyna Perfect For: * Uncomplicated, spontaneous creativity! * Mixed media applications * Adding texture to portraits * Pebeo Liquid Art Panels * Canvas, cardboard, wood & metal * Children, students, and professionals Studio Acrylics Gloss Gel –non-yellowing acrylic gloss gel with translucent gloss finish. Studio Acrylics Matt Gel –non-yellowing acrylic gel with translucent matte finish. Studio Acrylics Bindex –non-yellowing fluid acrylic binder—dries translucent with a satin finish. Studio Acrylics Dyna Bindex –non-yellowing fluid acrylic binder with interference pigments for reflective, color-changing effects--available in blue, violet and green. Studio Acrylics Modeling Paste –highly textured, opaque white modeling paste used for creating impastos and dimension—may be used alone or mixed with colors—retains tool imprints, keeps volume and dries to a matte finish. Studio Acrylics Modeling Paste High Density -highly textured, opaque white modeling paste formulated with fine grain used for creating impastos and dimension—may be used alone or mixed with colors—retains tool imprints, keeps volume and dries to a white-gray porous surface. Studio Acrylics Crackling Effect Modeling Paste –opaque white paste used to create impastos with crackle effect—may be used alone or mixed with colors (75% modeling paste / 25% color)—to increase adherence and enhance the crackling effect, recommended to prime the surface at least 1 hour prior to applying the modeling paste. Studio Acrylics Sand Textured Gels –acrylic polymer with colored sand-based gel available in black, white, red, and yellow—apply with a painting knife and dilute with water or Bindex as needed. See More
-
Art Spectrum Colourfix Pastel Primer Jar 1 LiterSave Up to33%Off listBlack This primer allows you to work in several layers with little to no fixing and allows the use of wet media such as oils, watercolors and acrylic colors for mixed media works. Colourfix primer is available separately and is the same used for priming the sheets. Use them to prime any paper or board or to cover unwanted passages or to "touch up" smudges or for reverse painting effects. Primers may be mixed to create unique hues. Clear Primer makes virtually any surface, even glass, a pastel surface and is excellent for experimenting allowing you to add pastels into your watercolors, acrylics or oil colors. Supertooth Pastel Primer available in Natural/Clear 250 ml Jar. See More
-
GOLDEN Silverpoint / Drawing GroundSave Up to30%Off listAllows greater fineness of line with diverse drawing media Silverpoint, or metal point, drawing as an art form has changed little over the centuries of its distinguished history. Formulated to meet the unique needs of metal point artists, GOLDEN Silverpoint / Drawing Ground offers a metal receptive… Allows greater fineness of line with diverse drawing media Silverpoint, or metal point, drawing as an art form has changed little over the centuries of its distinguished history. Formulated to meet the unique needs of metal point artists, GOLDEN Silverpoint / Drawing Ground offers a metal receptive ground, applicable to a range of drawing supports. Developed for easy application, the ground has a very fluid consistency that will level as it dries. A Single coat of Silverpoint / Drawing Ground provides a smooth, durable surface, ideal for mark making with a silverpoint stylus or other metal, such as brass, gold, copper, or even a steel paperclip. It is a low viscosity fluid that contains high levels of titanium dioxide and prepares surfaces to readily accept marks from a metal stylus.Key Features:* Size: 8oz Bottle* Formulated with 100% acrylic polymer emulsion* Designed for the achievement of fine, detailed lines * Permanent, lightfast* More flexible over time than traditional preparations* Silverpoint / Drawing Ground offers a metal receptive ground* Developed for easy application* Very fluid consistency that will level as it dries* Provides a smooth, durable surface* Allows greater fineness of line with diverse drawing media such as graphite, colored pencil, ink, and some markers The artist working in silverpoint today has an intimate connection to the work of such revered artists as da Vinci and Rembrandt, as well as more recently, Picasso and Joseph Stella. As tiny particles of metal are left behind on a slightly abrasive ground, metal point drawing offers the ability to achieve lasting, exquisitely detailed lines that won't smudge. If different types of metal are used within a piece, over time oxidation of the different metals will impart subtle shifts in the tonality of the lines. As the time honored art form of metal point drawing experiences a resurgence, Golden Artist Colors responds to the requests of practicing artists by introducing Silverpoint/Drawing Ground. Designed for the achievement of fine, detailed lines, Silverpoint/Drawing Ground is permanent, lightfast and more flexible over time than traditional preparations. While many artists enjoy the fineness of line and delicate qualities achieved with a metal stylus on Silverpoint/Drawing Ground, the scope of this product should not be limited to a singular use. When used as a general drawing ground, other media may be intermixed with metal point drawing or used alone to create new effects. It is possible to adjust the absorbent qualities of substrates with Silverpoint/Drawing Ground. By putting a very thin layer of the ground over the entire surface, the substrate's absorbency is decreased. This allows greater fineness of line with Perse drawing media such as graphite, colored pencil, ink, and some markers. In addition, small amounts of other GOLDEN Fluid Acrylic colors can be added to this ground for tinting purposes without a significant drop in performance. GOLDEN SILVERPOINT/DRAWING GROUND APPLICATIONS GOLDEN Silverpoint / Drawing Ground is designed for thin applications only. When applied too thickly the film may crack upon curing. A single thin coat is typically sufficient. Silverpoint / Drawing Ground can generally be tinted with a maximum of 15% GOLDEN Fluid Acrylics without negatively affecting its performance It can be brush or spray applied to paper, primed canvas, wood or any surface that will accept a water-based coating. The most common substrate for metal point drawing is heavy weight hot pressed watercolor paper. Note: Because lower weight papers are susceptible to buckling from the moisture in the Silverpoint / Drawing Ground, some artists may find taping the edges down will help prevent extensive warping. Artist Testimonial and Review Great Medium--Just Apply It Quickly! "This medium sets up very quickly, and can be colored with acrylic paint if desired. Ensure that a less absorbent paper or surface is used, as you will have more time to apply it before it dries (you will also use less of it). Great product-I will definitely purchase this again." See More
-
Practica Black Stretched Cotton CanvasSave Up to83%Off list…Black; Practica's new alternative in stretched canvas art! Practica Black Canvas is the new benchmark for artists who want to eliminate the step of painting their white canvases with black primer. This latest variation of the 100% cotton duck canvas comes primed with an all media and acid-free Black… Black stretched canvas primed with an all media and acid-free Black acrylic primer Traditionally, Practica Stretched Canvases have been the ideal mid-range product between students' canvas panels and professional artists' stretched canvas. This standard holds true with Practica Black; Practica's new alternative in stretched canvas art! Practica Black Canvas is the new benchmark for artists who want to eliminate the step of painting their white canvases with black primer. This latest variation of the 100% cotton duck canvas comes primed with an all media and acid-free Black acrylic primer. Practica Black canvases are still stretched around a slim, wood stretcher frame and still feature a 5/8" depth. Any completed art can be finished and hung as is or framed for a professional presentation. Black primed canvases are generally preferred for Tole art, art with deep color palettes, mixed media and black-light art. The black canvas is also perfect for making light colors stand out against muted darker colors which allow the artist to really emphasize lights and darks in their artwork. However, this time-saving product is receptive to all artists' ingenuity, and works beautifully with acrylics, oils, alkyds and more! 25% Heavier Unprimed! Best Exceptional Value Sold Worldwide! Works beautifully with acrylics, oils, alkyds and more Key Features: * Stretched 100% cotton canvas* Finished with All media, acid-free Black acrylic primer* 5/8" Depth, back-stapled* 5oz Unprimed Weight (25% heavier than the typical 4oz)* 10oz Primed Weight* Made from true 100% cotton duck canvas* Sold in 2-packs or boxes of ten 2-packs (20 canvases total)* 16x20in Box of 100 for an Amazing Price! Perfect For: * Works beautifully with acrylics, oils, alkyds and more* Artists seeking creative variation* An inexpensive alternative to canvas panels* Practice and sketch work* Tole painting, mixed media, fine art & more!* Making light colors stand out against muted darker colors * Mixed media and black-light art* Emphasizing lights and darks in artwork* Accepts acrylics, oils and alkyds Because Practica Makes Perfect!™ See More
-
Holbein Artist Acrylic 900ml Gesso Black BaseSave Up to35%Off listBlack Professional quality gesso at an affordable price With Holbein Acrylic Gesso, you can prime your canvas with a Black, Clear, or White gesso. If you prefer a colored ground, you can mix acrylic paint with the white or clear gesso to create a custom ground. Holbein Gesso has fool-proof sealing properties and provides the right amount of tooth for raw canvas. Their white gesso is available in smooth, medium, coarse, and extra coarse textures so you can further customize your surface. Holbein's space-saving poly bags are better for the environment because they use less plastic than standard rigid bottles and result in less post-consumer waste. It's easy to pour the acrylic gesso out of the spout, and the bags don't take up lots of space in the studio. Holbein gesso adheres well to most surfaces, including paper, cloth, canvas, wood, stone, and primed metal. Overpaint it with acrylics, oils, or pastels. Try Holbein's professional Gesso today! Key Features: * Acrylic gesso dries to an ultra-matte finish * Thick, creamy, smooth consistency * Preparatory ground for raw canvas * Excellent sealing properties * Smooth, medium, coarse, and extra coarse texture * Environmentally friendly space-saving poly bags * Easy to pour spout * Made in Japan Perfect For: * Ground for acrylics, oils, or pastels * Most surfaces * Paper, cloth, canvas, wood, stone, and primed metal * Use as a painting texture medium * Creating a solid matte background * Adding texture to a painting * Impasto techniques Holbein White Gesso is available in the following textures: * Smooth (S): Smooth texture that is almost like an eggshell. * Medium (M): A regular matte surface. * Coarse (L): Fine sand texture. * Extra Coarse (LL): Rough sand texture. See More
-
Pebeo Studio Green GessoesSave Up to25%Off list…White Gesso is an opaque gesso with good covering power. Studio Green White Gesso One Coat is formulated with a high concentration of Titanium White pigment to be very opaque. Only one coat of the ground is needed because it has superior covering power. Studio Green Black Gesso is an opaque gesso… Eco-Friendly Formula Generates 6 to 7 Times Less CO2 Pebeo makes its Studio Green Gessoes with an eco-friendly formula of recycled resins. As a result, they generate 6 to 7 times less CO2 than gesso made of petrochemical resins. The gessos are as strong, flexible, and durable as traditional acrylic grounds. You can use the Studio Green Gessoes on various surfaces, including canvas, wood, or paper. Key Features: * Quick-drying opaque gessos * Eco-friendly recycled resin formula * Provides a flexible, stable, matt surface * Generates 6 to 7 times less CO2 than traditional gesso * Jars made from recycled materials * Improves adhesion of acrylic and oil paints * Sand for a smooth surface Perfect For: * Acrylic and oil painters * Canvas, wood, or paper * Application on clean, non-greasy surfaces * Use with a brush, knife, or paint roller * Artists seeking sustainable alternatives Studio Green White Gesso is an opaque gesso with good covering power. Studio Green White Gesso One Coat is formulated with a high concentration of Titanium White pigment to be very opaque. Only one coat of the ground is needed because it has superior covering power. Studio Green Black Gesso is an opaque gesso with good covering power. See More
Powered by
Login and Registration Form
Customer Login
Already a customer ? Sign in now for the best experience!
* indicates a required field